The land historically known as Palestine has been inhabited for millennia, serving as a crossroads of civilizations, cultures, and faiths. Its history predates the modern conflict by thousands of years and is deeply intertwined with the region’s strategic location and religious significance. Today, what was once a single geographic and cultural entity is fragmented into territories under occupation, blockade, and partial autonomy. Understanding the history of Palestine provides essential context for its current political and humanitarian crisis.

The earliest recorded history of Palestine dates back to ancient Canaanite and Philistine civilizations around 3000 BCE. Over the centuries, the region witnessed successive rules by ancient Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, and Romans. The ancient Kingdoms of Israel and Judah existed intermittently in parts of this land, but after the Roman conquest and destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE, the region was incorporated into the Roman Empire and later renamed Syria Palaestina after the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE, a name meant to erase Jewish national identity. The term “Palestine” thus became widely used in classical antiquity to refer to the geographic area between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River.

From the 7th century CE, following the Muslim conquest, Palestine became part of successive Islamic caliphates. Under the Umayyads, Abbasids, and later the Fatimids, the region thrived as an important center of trade and religious learning. During the Crusades, parts of Palestine were briefly controlled by European Christian kingdoms, but Muslim forces under Salah al-Din (Saladin) reclaimed the territory in 1187. By 1517, Palestine became part of the Ottoman Empire, where it remained for four centuries. Under Ottoman rule, Palestine was administratively divided into districts but retained its cultural and demographic continuity, with a population predominantly Arab and Muslim, alongside Christian and Jewish minorities who coexisted for centuries.

Modern Palestinian national identity began to take shape in the late Ottoman period, influenced by Arab nationalism and opposition to European colonial ambitions. However, Palestine’s fate dramatically changed after World War I. The collapse of the Ottoman Empire brought the region under British control through the British Mandate for Palestine (1920–1948), formalized by the League of Nations. The mandate period saw significant political and demographic transformation due to Britain’s support for the Zionist movement, enshrined in the Balfour Declaration of 1917, which promised to facilitate a “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine. At that time, Arabs made up around 90 percent of the population, with Jews comprising about 10 percent.

Jewish immigration, driven by European persecution and later the Holocaust, increased sharply under British administration, with the Jewish population rising to roughly one-third by 1947. Tensions between the Arab majority, who sought independence, and the Jewish community, which sought a separate state, escalated into violence. Palestinian Arabs staged revolts, notably the 1936–1939 Arab Revolt, which Britain brutally suppressed. Britain’s eventual withdrawal from the mandate left Palestine in turmoil.

The United Nations Partition Plan of 1947 (Resolution 181) proposed dividing Palestine into a Jewish state (allocated 55 percent of the land) and an Arab state (45 percent), with Jerusalem placed under international administration. Jewish leaders accepted the plan, but Palestinian Arabs and neighboring Arab states rejected it, viewing it as unjust and illegitimate. Civil war erupted between Jewish and Arab forces even before the British left.

On May 14, 1948, Zionist leaders declared the independence of the State of Israel. In the ensuing war, Israel expanded its control to 78 percent of historic Palestine, far beyond the UN allocation. More than 700,000 Palestinians were expelled or fled from their homes in what Palestinians call the Nakba (Catastrophe). Over 400 villages were depopulated or destroyed, and the refugees were barred from returning despite UN Resolution 194 affirming their right of return.

The remaining 22 percent of Palestine—the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip—fell under Jordanian and Egyptian control, respectively, until the 1967 Six-Day War, when Israel occupied these territories. Since then, Palestinian lands have been subjected to military occupation, settlement expansion, and annexation efforts. East Jerusalem was annexed by Israel in 1980, a move unrecognized by most of the international community. The Oslo Accords of the 1990s created the Palestinian Authority with limited self-rule in parts of the West Bank, while Gaza came under the control of Hamas in 2007 following an internal Palestinian political split.

Today, the territory of historic Palestine is divided into three main areas. Israel occupies 78 percent, recognized internationally as a state since 1948. The West Bank, formally under Israeli military occupation, is fragmented into zones, with more than 700,000 Israeli settlers living in illegal settlements built on Palestinian land. Gaza, a densely populated enclave home to over two million Palestinians, has been under a blockade by Israel and Egypt since 2007, with repeated wars devastating its infrastructure. Palestinians in East Jerusalem live under Israeli control with limited rights, while millions of Palestinian refugees remain stateless in camps across Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and beyond.

The State of Palestine is recognized by more than 130 UN member states and has been a non-member observer state at the United Nations since 2012, but it lacks full sovereignty due to ongoing Israeli occupation and international political deadlock. Palestinians continue to demand their right to self-determination, the establishment of an independent state based on the 1967 borders with East Jerusalem as its capital, and the right of return for refugees, while Israel asserts security concerns and historical claims to the land.

The history of Palestine reveals that it was not an empty land awaiting statehood, but a vibrant society with deep-rooted communities and cultural heritage. Its fragmentation today is the direct outcome of colonial decisions, wars, and decades of occupation. What once existed as a single geographic and cultural homeland is now divided by walls, checkpoints, and borders, with Palestinians struggling to preserve their identity and right to statehood in the face of one of the world’s longest unresolved conflicts.

The history of Israel and Palestine is not merely a tale of two peoples competing for the same land; it is a story of deliberate political engineering by imperial powers that favored one national movement while erasing the rights of another. Britain’s role in shaping this tragedy cannot be understated—it used Palestine as a pawn in its colonial strategy, granting legitimacy and resources to the Zionist project while crushing Palestinian resistance with military force. The Balfour Declaration was not a neutral promise; it was a colonial endorsement that handed over a homeland that was not Britain’s to give. The result was not just the birth of a new state, but the catastrophic dispossession of an entire people, creating one of the largest refugee crises in modern history.

Today, the consequences of those imperial decisions still echo through every destroyed village, every refugee camp, every checkpoint, and every blockade. While Israel stands as a state born of determination and tragedy, it is equally a state born of privilege—privilege granted by British imperial power and cemented through wars of conquest. The ongoing occupation, settlement expansion, and denial of Palestinian rights are not new phenomena; they are continuations of a colonial legacy that treated Palestinian lives and sovereignty as expendable. History will remember this not only as a story of survival for one people but as a permanent stain of injustice against another—a reminder that statehood built on dispossession carries a moral debt that the world has yet to reckon with.